By Kristine Pearson
CEO, Lifeline Energy This is a “blong” – a long blog.
Like many girls I’ve met in Africa, Rose’s dream is to become a teacher. The shy grade six student revises her homework at a rickety table in a tin shack in a Nairobi slum. A kerosene lamp fashioned from a can of bug spray called a koroboi in Swahili, allows Rose to study for a mere 15 minutes a night. The light is inefficient and dim. The fumes are noxious; the smoke ‘scratches’ her eyes.
She says that in the morning she ‘spits up black’. She hates kerosene not only because it stinks and makes her feel tired and ill, but because six years ago her younger brother tipped over a koroboi, catching the house on fire killing her mother, father and brother. To 13-year-old Rose, kerosene is the smell of death.
Unfortunately, stories like this are all too common in Africa. Exposure to kerosene retards economic progress, poisons children, causes deadly fires, horrific burns and injuries, and even death. This fuel is silently destroying the lives and livelihoods of countless women and children across Africa.
With an estimated 870 million people in sub-Saharan Africa, 85% have no access to electricity. Much of the population straddles the equator where it gets dark at night and light in the morning around 6:30 each day. In addition, many African houses are rough hewn from mud or aluminium and poorly ventilated. Seeing inside is difficult even in daytime. Pit latrines are built away from houses and people don’t use them at night for fear of the dark, snakes or being attacked. Of the options available for lighting – kerosene, candles, firewood and batteries – kerosene is the most common. And because it’s for household use, it’s a woman’s fuel – and woman and children bear the brunt of energy poverty
Take, for example, Nyeri, a 32 year-old former teacher from Kenya’s Great Rift Valley. Nyeri barely survived the fire that started when a koroboi’s flame caught her skirt. She was eight months pregnant. Living in a rural area, it took hours for her to be transported to a hospital, which was ill-equipped to deal with life-threatening burns. In agonizing pain, Nyeri prematurely gave birth to a boy who died. She had no way to bond with or nurse the baby because burns covered half of her body. Badly disfigured, when she was well enough to return home her husband divorced her, kept her children and banished her to her parent’s faraway homestead. When Nyeri’s parents died she was plunged into destitution and now depends on handouts to survive.
Masquerading as a benign fuel
There are an estimated 1.4 billion people globally who live without reliable access to electricity, and an additional 1.2 billion who live with intermittent electricity. Yet the problem remains largely unknown in developed and electrified areas of the world. The average Westerner can likely describe water and food issues that the poor struggle with. We worry ourselves if the water we drink and the food we eat is safe. The same can’t be said for energy. Electricity for us is a flip of a switch. The life threatening and profoundly challenging energy issues that the poor deal with every day are largely consigned to the periphery.
Wikipedia portrays kerosene as a diverse and relatively harmless fuel, used mostly to power jet-engine aircraft and rockets. Although it briefly glosses over the fact that ‘at one time’ it was widely used in lamps and lanterns, it woefully fails to illustrate the scale of its use in developing countries, as well the devastating impact the use of kerosene has already had. It is sold to you and me in a sealed bottle with ‘caution’ and ‘highly flammable liquid’ on the label. Oil companies and African governments do little to help educate consumers to use it safely or warn of its perils.
To Africans, kerosene, or paraffin as it is called in some countries, is a necessary evil. It’s sold informally in market stalls and is bought and stored in disused Coke, water or liquor bottles. Women even buy it in flimsy plastic bags. 
In South Africa, based on national surveys and hospital records, between 1996 and 2001, it was estimated that 80,000 children ingested kerosene per year and 40,000 children developed chemical pneumonia from drinking it. It is unknown how many children actually died, but in 2001, it was estimated to be 4,000. I would imagine this number has been reduced given South Africa’s aggressive electricity drive over the past 10 years. That said, what about the rest of sub-Saharan Africa that has nowhere near South Africa’s current 70% electrification, the highest rate on the continent. The numbers could truly be staggering, but no one knows. No one is counting.
Celestine, a 12-year-old girl in Rwanda told me that she swallowed kerosene a few years ago believing it to be clean water, something she’d never before seen. Further, she said that she worries what internal harm was caused by the incident.
What I didn’t know at the time was that the accident may leave her with lifelong heart problems and respiratory ailments. She is lucky to be alive. Kerosene is a low-viscosity hydrocarbon and it is an aspiration hazard – which means that Celestine could have choked to death on the fluid itself or suffocated from the fumes emanating from her belly. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers, drinking kerosene can cause chemical pneumonitis, which requires several days or weeks on a respirator in a hospital and can become a lifelong, debilitating condition. African mothers have told me that they give their children milk to drink, if they have some.
Spilling it on the skin can be equally as hazardous. Women have proudly told me that they rub kerosene on their children’s heads rid them of lice.
Controlled kerosene fires recently undertaken by South Africa’s Paraffin Association revealed that it takes just two minutes for temperatures to reach 1000 degrees C and eight minutes for a corrugated tin shack to burn completely. For shacks close together, it’s easy to understand why a fire spreads quickly. What chance do emergency services have, even if they are available?
With all the horrific outcomes caused by kerosene perhaps the most heart-breaking are burn injuries. In South Africa alone, an estimated 15,000 children survive serious burn injuries every year. This figure does not include the many fatalities or anyone over the age of 12. Such statistics, however, are hard to come by even in South Africa. If data were collected over the whole of Africa, this number would surely be staggering.
Burns are the worst type of injuries in terms of trauma because they are both excruciatingly painful and deforming. Severe burns cause major harm to motor skills and development. At present South Africa is the only African country that can deal with large numbers of burn injuries. Chris Hani Baragwaneth Hospital in Soweto, with its 2,964 beds, is the largest acute hospital in the world. With a specialised burn treatment centre, it also houses Africa’s most comprehensive burn unit, only a 26-bed facility. According to the hospital, most children admitted to the burn unit are under the age of nine.
With 46,000 kerosene-related fires and 50,000 paraffin-related burns sustained in South Africa in 2001 alone (the most recent data I could find), the availability of treatment is depressing. According to Johannesburg’s Institute for Social and Health Sciences, burn injuries cost an estimated $US1 million in that city alone. Burn victims usually require multiple surgeries. With the sheer number of kerosene related injuries coupled with medical costs these figures are almost certainly grossly underestimated. Add medical care to the cost of emergency services, loss of time, loss of assets and loss of a house by people who have no insurance, the true loss of using kerosene can never be justified and the true cost can never be calculated.
Hundreds of thousands of families have stories to tell like those of Rose and Nyeri who have suffered heartbreaking loss due to kerosene. They suffer in silence under the radar screen and no one is tracking them. These stories should no longer be ignored or just accepted as unfortunate. They should be seen as an outrage to the dignity of the human person.
Energy Access – a matter of human rights
Despite the enormity of the problem – and the existence of reliable, cost effective solutions – access to energy is a missing Millennium Development Goal. Access to energy underpins all eight goals yet astonishingly there is no mention of the word ‘energy’ in the entire document.
In contrast, the International Energy Agency calls for “urgent action” on the matter, and estimates that alleviating energy poverty would cost $36 billion per year. Kerosene sales, by comparison, create a $38 billion per year industry globally, an estimated $11 billion in sub-Saharan Africa alone. In essence, the world is already spending the money it needs to address the energy poverty problem.
Energy access is a prerequisite to achieving the socioeconomic rights set out in international human rights law including health standards and access to clean water. The right to breathe clean air, work and study in relative safety – all of these rights are violated by the need for fuel lanterns and cook stoves.
Given the overwhelming body of evidence, I believe kerosene is a blatant violation of international human rights standards.
Energy poverty and the gender bias
Since 1999 I’ve headed a non-profit social enterprise called Lifeline Energy. Over the past four years while in the field in various African countries, I have spoken with hundreds of poor and vulnerable women and children about their household energy use and expenditure. What was reinforced with every group I spoke with is that all technologies and the energies used to power them have a gender bias. There are exceptions, but largely men are in charge of household security and buy batteries for their flashlights (torches). I knew from years of distributing Lifeline’s solar and wind-up radios that men also buy batteries for radios and control listening access.
In sub-Saharan Africa, kerosene is a ‘woman’s fuel’. In rural areas a woman walks many miles to buy kerosene at the market. In urban settlements or slums, she buys it in as little as 10c increments or by the tablespoon. It may be all that she may be able to afford. Because of women’s work inside the home, they are constantly exposed to kerosene and its toxic fumes.
The result is that more than 1.6 million of the world’s poor die each year from the effects of indoor air pollution, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This is caused from both cooking and lighting. This photo I took in Rwanda illustrates that if kerosene from a tin can lamp can blacken a wall, it is doing the same to lungs.
All forms of non-renewable energy – kerosene, batteries, candles, charcoal and firewood – constrain economic development. When added to cell phone charging, fuels for lighting and cooking, energy can consume up to 60% of household incomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Women are subjected to a grinding cycle of abject poverty, one that impossible to escape from it you’re spending big amounts on non-renewables.
Last year I walked into a rural household to see a mother happily nursing a two month old baby less than six inches from an open flame lamp at midday. In her culture it is not acceptable to breastfeed where men might see you. She had no idea what harm she could be causing her child.
She didn’t realise that breathing kerosene is the equivalent of smoking two packs of cigarettes, or that two-thirds of all lung cancer victims in developing countries are non-smoking women according to WHO. One would think with its devastating consequences, kerosene related illnesses, burns and deaths would be tracked and monitored similar to HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB; however, this is not the case. Well-known illnesses receive donor funding in poor countries whereas energy related illnesses are relegated to a footnote and fall under the non-communicable disease (NCD) category.
Safe kerosene education receives woefully inadequate attention from governments or the oil companies that sell it. Comprehensive multi-media campaigns in local languages are urgently needed to encourage women to take advantage of alternatives where they do exist and to teach users ways to limit the health risks and exposure where possible. This is especially important for children living on their own as heads of households. They may lack trusted adults to guide them and adults themselves may not understand the range and scope of dangers. School programmes should feature energy safety as a mandatory part of the curriculum.
Education advances are severely hampered by the way students must do their homework at night. Kerosene burns the eyes and throat, making it impossible to study for more than a few minutes. A record number of children are entering or returning to school in sub-Saharan Africa, yet an unintended consequence is that children like Rose are potentially harming their eyes and lungs, and even risking fires and burns, in an effort to earn good grades.
Thrusting clean energy to the top of the international agenda
The health and economic consequences of prolonged exposure to kerosene are so grave that they infringe upon the basic human rights of women and children who have no other viable energy alternatives. It is recognized in Article 25 (1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that “Everyone has a right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family.” Access to clean water has been singled out as a key factor that will determine the success of the Millennium Development Goals, but not access to clean energy
The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution declaring water and sanitation a basic human right, but not access to clean energy.
To propel access to clean energy to the forefront of the international agenda it must be declared a basic human right. This is the only way to put the required moral and legal pressure on countries and international organizations that’s needed to take decisive action. Declaring access to energy a human right reorganizes the lens through which the issue is viewed. It becomes not merely a goal or agenda item but a substantial imperative to which every individual is entitled.
The UN has declared 2012 as the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All. By launching UN–Energy, the UN states it is committed to ensuring universal access to modern energy services by 2030. It also aims to bring energy access innovation together with the correct policy to reach a global scale, developing and deploying new and appropriate solutions. These are important steps in the right direction. Grid and mini-grid electricity initiatives are underway in the region, but they often take years to become operational with huge financial investments required.
Solutions already exist. Barriers to the effective delivery of modern energy services must be eliminated. Off-grid portable renewable energy solar and wind-up LED lights and lanterns, as well as energy-efficient cook stoves have already been developed for these markets. However, often steep duties, as much as 40%, and taxes or VAT varying between 12% in Botswana to 19.35% in Cameroon, making them unaffordable to the poorest – those who need them most. With appropriate government oversight and financial support, reform of subsidies and duties and equal gender participation in entrepreneurial initiatives transitioning from kerosene to renewable energy would be the start to create safer environments and economic opportunities. Children, women, families and communities would be able to safely convert unproductive night-time hours into productive ones.
Kerosene and energy access are pressing human rights issues that governments and the international community are obligated to act upon with expediency to end the on-going struggle of women and children forced to use kerosene in their daily lives. There are many problems in the world that are extremely complex and difficult to solve. This is not one of them. With the right approach, the use of kerosene and the energy poverty that it perpetuates and intensifies can become a thing of the past.
In early 1999 I received a hand-written airmail letter with beautiful Rwandan stamps addressed to ‘The Manager’ with this picture inside. The author was a student intern working for an NGO in Rwanda. She said that our wind-up radios, which had been donated by the British government, were greatly helping “child-headed households”. This was the first time I’d heard that term. The 1994 genocide having orphaned an estimated one million children meant that an entire generation could grow up without a parent. HIV/AIDS, which was largely unknown before the genocide, was rapidly becoming a pandemic in the Great Lakes region expedited by widespread raping of women, further orphaning children.
